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Oct. 1, 2025, 5:33 AM EDTBy Jay GanglaniThe Taliban has denied imposing a nationwide internet ban, claiming instead that the blackout consuming Afghanistan was due to old fiber optic cables that were now being replaced. Wednesday’s announcement was the Taliban’s first public statement since a communications blackout hit the country of over 40 million people, disrupting everything from banking to travel and businesses to aid work. The Taliban’s Urdu language website Al-Emarah quoted spokesman Zabihullah Mujahid as saying that some people were spreading rumors about a ban on internet access in the country, which he said were not true.However, one senior Taliban leader in Kabul told NBC News: “We don’t understand what’s happening in the country. Nobody is telling us as majority of the people don’t have access to each other.” It comes after several provinces said last month they would shut down the internet after a government order to crackdown on immorality, fueling fears about new limits on access to the outside world.Internet watchdog NetBlocks said Monday that a near nationwide telecoms disruption was in effect. Less than two hours later, it announced that Afghanistan was “now in the midst of a total internet blackout.” A view of Kabul, on Monday night, following the nationwide telecoms outage.Wakil Kohsar / AFP via Getty ImagesThe United Nations urged Taliban authorities “to immediately and fully restore nationwide Internet and telecommunications access,” in a statement Tuesday.The shutdown has left millions of people from Afghanistan who now live outside the country distressed, with many unable to contact their loved ones. Flights out of the country have also been canceled, adding to the sense of chaos and isolation.Indiana resident Sofia Ramyar, 33, is one of them.Ramyar says that she hasn’t been able to contact her family, some of whom live in the capital Kabul. “The blackout has created a deep sense of isolation and has further silenced those already struggling to be heard,” Ramyar told NBC News. “This blackout has fully cut off the country from the digital world in a way we have never seen before.” Ramyar serves as an advisor to Afghans for Progressive Thinking (APT), a youth-led non-profit that focuses on advancing women’s rights and educational opportunities for girls. She added that the blackout has impacted her ability to serve those women, adding that her work “relies heavily” on online access and that the situation in Afghanistan continues to be “unpredictable.” “Their safety is always a concern,” she added. Naseer Kawoshger, 29, who left Afghanistan in 2020 and now works as a cashier at a grocery store in Chicago, said he has also been unable to speak with his family in Kabul. “When I sent a message to my sister, my brother, there was only one tick and I saw that the message wasn’t being sent,” Kawoshger said. “I don’t know what happened to my country, what happened to my family.”Aid officials have warned the blackout was hampering their operations in the country, which has been battered by a series of economic and humanitarian crises since the Taliban swept back to power in 2021 as the U.S. withdrew. The hardline Islamist regime has faced global criticism for its treatment of women, but has recently sought better ties with Washington.“Reliable communications are essential for our ability to operate, to deliver life-saving assistance, and to coordinate with partners,” Save the Children said in a statement Wednesday.Jay GanglaniJay Ganglani is NBC News’s 2025-26 Asia Desk Fellow. Previously he was an NBC News Asia Desk intern and a Hong Kong-based freelance journalist who has contributed to news publications such as CNN, Fortune and the South China Morning Post.Mushtaq Yusufzai and The Associated Press contributed.

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The Taliban has denied imposing a nationwide internet ban, claiming instead that the blackout consuming Afghanistan was due to old fiber optic cables that were now being replaced.



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Oct. 1, 2025, 5:00 AM EDTBy Abigail Brooks and Zinhle EssamuahWESTWEGO, Louisiana — Robin Phillip’s fresh haircut is dyed her favorite color — green. But beneath the dye job is a scar that runs along the side of her head, the result of two craniotomies. For years, Phillip, 45, suffered from what she thought were migraines. It wasn’t until early 2018, when she had to leave her warehouse shift to drive to the hospital, that she learned her headaches were a symptom of something more serious. She said she nearly crashed on the drive to the emergency room, blinded by pain. “The nurse said, ‘OK, what’s your pain from 1 to 10?’ I said 11, 12,” said Phillip. “They put me in the chair, and I don’t remember nothing after that.”Phillip awoke later to shocking news: She had an intracranial meningioma — a tumor of the lining of the brain. She needed emergency surgery.After the procedure, Phillip lost vision in her left eye and had to re-learn how to walk. Unable to work, she lost her apartment and moved in with her mother until she could get back on her feet. Robin Phillip during a radiation session in 2024. A mask holds her head in place for the treatment.Courtesy Robin Phillip“I was feeling lost, because where would I have possibly gotten a tumor from? I had a regular life. I did regular things,” she said. “What could have possibly caused this to happen to me?”Today, Phillip believes her birth control is to blame. For nearly 30 years, stopping only when she had her two children, she used Depo-Provera — a progestin shot given three times a year. She’s one of more than 1,000 women suing Pfizer, which makes the drug, alleging the company knew more about the risks and failed to warn users. Pfizer has moved to have the suit dismissed, arguing the case is pre-empted by a Food and Drug Administration decision, and says it stands behind the safety and efficacy of Depo-Provera.According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1 in 4 sexually active women in the United States have used Depo-Provera. Black women use it at nearly double the national rate. Meningiomas are usually not cancerous — meaning they don’t spread to other parts of the body — but they can be harmful depending on their size and where they grow. Phillip’s tumor was pressing on her optic nerve, causing vision problems.Recent researchIn recent years, several studies have shown a possible link between Depo-Provera use and an increased risk of developing meningioma. One of them, published earlier this month in JAMA Neurology, linked medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), the drug in Depo-Provera, with a twofold increase in risk for meningioma. The risk was greatest in women who used the contraceptive for more than four years or started after age 31.Another one, a 2024 study published in the The BMJ based on French data, found a fivefold increase in risk for meningioma for long-term Depo-Provera users. Doctors caution that the studies are observational, meaning they cannot prove the medication caused the tumors. Dr. David Raleigh, a radiation oncologist who specializes in brain tumors and who is the chair of meningioma research at the University of California San Francisco’s Department of Radiation Oncology, said that female sex hormones — progesterone in particular — are linked to meningioma. (Progestin, the hormone in Depo-Provera, is a synthetic version of progesterone.) Meningiomas are the only brain tumors that are more common in women than in men, he added.Still, Raleigh said this doesn’t necessarily mean that progesterone is causing a meningioma to form. “All the available data suggest that progesterone is fuel on the fire,” he said. “Progesterone didn’t necessarily start the fire, but the available data suggest that it’s like dumping gas on it.” He said that the recent studies linking Depo-Provera to meningioma give him pause.“Those of us in the business often recommend that patients with meningioma avoid hormone replacement therapy, use nonhormone based means of contraception, if possible, and to be cautious with pregnancy and fertility planning because of these very well documented associations,” he said. “These new studies only amplify those concerns and considerations.”The overall risk of developing meningioma remains small: About 39,000 meningiomas are diagnosed each year in the U.S.“Overall, meningioma is not common. This is not a type of tumor that we see very often,” said Dr. Colleen Denny, an OB-GYN at NYU Langone Health. “The likelihood of having a meningioma as a Depo user is incredibly low. It’s just that it’s incredibly, incredibly low for people who don’t use Depo.”The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) published a response to The BMJ study urging caution, saying that, “according to the study, five out of 10,000 women using medroxyprogesterone acetate may possibly develop meningioma compared to one out of 10,000 women not using the medication.”“The risk that they’re finding is incredibly small,” said Dr. Nisha Verma, senior adviser for reproductive health policy for advocacy at ACOG. “I think it is a consideration we can talk to patients about, among all of the considerations that patients go through.”“Uterine cancer is a lot more common than meningioma, and Depo reduces your risk of uterine cancer. So how do you balance that?” Denny said. “It’s complex, and it often depends on the individual patients.”Phillip says even that small risk would have been too much for her.“If I would have [known] from the get-go, I would have never took that shot,” she said. The lawsuitPhillip is now one of more than 1,000 women suing Pfizer, the maker of Depo-Provera, alleging that the company failed to warn them about the risk. “These women all have meningiomas. Many have surgery, some have radiation, and they’ve all had their lives greatly impacted,” said Ellen Relkin, a lawyer representing Phillip and some of the other plaintiffs. Phillip’s lawsuit points to several studies dating as far back as 1983 showing a link between progesterone and meningioma. The lawsuit says those studies created an “unassignable duty to investigate,” and that Pfizer should have studied the risks associated with Depo-Provera sooner. Phillip needed two surgeries to remove a meningioma. A scar from the operations runs down the side of her head.NBC News“Defendants willfully, wantonly, and intentionally conspired, and acted in concert, to ignore relevant safety concerns and to deliberately not study the long-term safety and efficacy of Depo-Provera, particularly in chronic long-term users of Depo-Provera,” the complaint says. Verma, of ACOG, said that hormonal birth control is well-studied before it hits the market.“Birth control methods that are commercially available have been studied extensively before becoming available to the public, and so we’ve studied every type of birth control. We’ve looked at safety measures,” she said. “We have guidelines that do intensive reviews of all of the data and help us support patients in what methods may be safer for them.”In a statement to NBC News, Pfizer said it stands behind the “safety and efficacy of Depo-Provera.” In a court filing earlier this month, the company asked a judge to dismiss the case, saying that it became aware of the risks of meningioma associated with Depo-Provera in 2023, and submitted an application to the Food and Drug Administration to add a warning to the drug’s label. The application also requested adding warnings to two pills containing much lower doses of MPA. The FDA denied that request, according to the filing.The FDA declined NBC News’ request for comment, but in its denial letter to Pfizer, which is included in company’s filing, it said: “The findings of the available observational studies alone do not support the addition of a warning on Meningioma risk to medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)-containing products.”A spokesperson for Pfizer told NBC News that because of the FDA’s denial, federal law pre-empts the company from changing the warning label on Depo-Provera.In an interview with NBC News, Phillips’ lawyer Relkin said Pfizer had enough information to study the possible risks associated with Depo-Provera on its own before 2023 and accused the company of making an “overbroad and half-baked” effort to warn patients by submitting an application to add a warning label to every medication containing MPA.“Depo-Provera is 150 milligrams. Three, four times a year, a very high dose,” Relkin said. “There are low-dose, 2.5 and 5 mg pills, where there’s no data showing that they cause a problem.”“The dose makes the poison,” she added. “By asking to change the label for all, they were inviting a rejection.”Pfizer denied that accusation in its court filing. “If FDA truly thought a meningioma warning was necessary for some products (and not others) … FDA could have ‘promptly’ communicated to Pfizer,” it wrote.Changes abroad Outside of the U.S., however, changes have been made to Pfizer’s label.The European Medicines Agency added meningioma as a “possible side effect” of drugs with high doses of medroxyprogesterone acetate in 2024, and Pfizer went on to communicate that risk to doctors in the European Union. Canada’s label for the drug, updated in 2024, includes meningioma in its “warnings and precautions” section, stating that “meningiomas have been reported following long-term administration of progestins, including medroxyprogesterone acetate.”In January, South Africa’s drug regulatory agency also recommended updating the drug label for MPA to include meningioma risk. Phillip’s lawsuit alleges that Pfizer knew of the potential risk years before those changes overseas were made, however, citing a 2006 Canadian drug label which lists meningioma as one of the “Post-Market Adverse Drug Reactions” — adverse events that are reported after a drug has already been approved. The 2006 label notes that “the nature of post-marketing surveillance makes it difficult to determine if a reported event was actually caused by DEPO-PROVERA.”“Just because something happened associated in time with something, it doesn’t mean that one thing caused the other,” said Dr. Janet Woodcock, a former FDA principal deputy commissioner. “It’s in a company’s best interest to put everything on there, because then if they’re sued, they’d say, ‘Well, it was in the fine print.’”Woodcock, who is not involved with the lawsuit, noted the FDA typically has the final word on drug labels.According to Pfizer’s court filings, the company resubmitted its application to the FDA in June 2025. Phillip, right, rings the bell on her last day of radiation treatment on March 25, 2024.Courtesy Robin Phillip“FDA has still not approved any meningioma warning, and Pfizer’s renewed request remains pending,” the filing said.Relkin said an earlier warning would have changed everything for Phillip and her other clients.After her surgery in 2018, Phillip continued to take Depo-Provera. Her doctors were unable to remove the entire tumor in 2018 and she needed a second surgery in 2022, followed by radiation treatment from 2022 to 2024.Even still, doctors weren’t able to remove the entire tumor because of how close it is to her optic nerve.Phillip says she continued taking Depo-Provera until she saw posts on social media in 2024 about the studies linking the drug to meningioma. Earlier this month, she had her first set of brain scans since going off the drug. She said her radiologist told her that the meningioma is shrinking. “My body is telling me, my head is telling me I don’t have that much pain like I used to have,” she said. Abigail BrooksAbigail Brooks is a producer for NBC News.Zinhle EssamuahZinhle Essamuah is a correspondent and anchor for NBC News.
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Oct. 1, 2025, 6:00 AM EDTBy Denise ChowIf an asteroid is on a collision course with the moon, what should humanity do? Try to nudge the space rock out of the way before it strikes? Obliterate it with a nuclear explosion?Those are the questions explored in a recent paper from more than a dozen researchers, including several NASA scientists. And they’re not purely hypothetical: An asteroid known as 2024 YR4 is estimated to have a 4% chance of hitting the moon in 2032.Such a cosmic collision could produce debris “up to 1,000 times above background levels over just a few days, possibly threatening astronauts and spacecraft” in low-Earth orbit, the researchers wrote in the paper, which was uploaded to the preprint website arXiv on Sept. 15 but has yet to be peer-reviewed.To avoid creating that potentially dangerous debris field, one option is to nuke the asteroid, according to the paper — or trigger what the scientists call a “robust disruption” — before it reaches the moon. Cue the “Armageddon” movie references.But using a nuclear explosion to destroy an asteroid has never been tested, so the plan would come with a slew of major risks.Various key characteristics about asteroid 2024 YR4 aren’t known, including its mass, which would be critical in figuring out how to properly “disrupt” it without creating more problems.“If the explosion is not enough, you’re just going to create a debris field anyway,” said Julie Brisset, interim director of the Florida Space Institute, who wasn’t involved with the paper.Asteroid 2024 YR4 was first detected by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System station in Chile in December. NASA estimates that it measures up to 220 feet across, large enough to be considered a “city killer” because it could be capable of causing severe damage to a city or region on Earth.Experts initially thought there was a small chance the asteroid could hit our planet, and the probability of such an impact was estimated to be as high as 3% earlier this year. But a collision with Earth was later ruled out.With Earth now thought to be in the clear, asteroid 2024 YR4 has an estimated 4.3% chance of smacking into the moon.The authors of the recent paper suggested launching a mission to conduct reconnaissance of the asteroid, including estimating its mass from up close. After that, they proposed, an explosive device could be built, then deployed to the space rock.Alternatively, if destroying the asteroid with a nuclear explosion is too extreme, the researchers detailed how it could be nudged out of the way.NASA has some experience with that: In a first-of-its-kind test in 2022, its DART probe intentionally crashed into a small space rock known as Dimorphos to alter its trajectory. The maneuver was carried out 6.8 million miles from Earth and changed Dimorphos’ path in space, shortening its orbit by 33 minutes, according to NASA.But a successful deflection would also require knowing the mass of asteroid 2024 YR4, Brisset said.In response to an NBC News inquiry to NASA about the recent paper, Kelly Fast, the agency’s acting planetary defense officer, said in a statement that there are no plans to deflect or otherwise interfere with the asteroid.However, she said there are plans to study it early next year using the James Webb Space Telescope. Any findings could provide better insight into its orbital path.“If observed, the additional data could improve our knowledge of where the asteroid will be in December 2032,” Fast said, “and could drop the impact probability to 0%.”Even if space missions like those described in the paper could be carried out, there would be political considerations to navigate.Although no astronauts or long-term habitats are on the moon, that might not always be the case. China, for instance, has said it aims to land its astronauts on the moon by 2030. Chinese officials have also said the country may build a nuclear plant on the lunar surface to power a moon base that it plans to jointly operate with Russia. The United States plans to launch regular missions to the lunar surface before NASA eventually ventures to Mars. But NASA’s future missions and priorities remain in flux amid significant personnel cuts and President Donald Trump’s budget blueprint for NASA, which proposes slashing more than $6 billion from its budget.Detonating a nuclear device in space could also add tension to the burgeoning space race among the United States, China and other spacefaring countries, with potential conflicts over which countries and space agencies would lead or participate in the project, Brisset said.“It would probably be countries that have the technical capability to do it,” she said, “which maybe narrows it down to three or four, but would they want to work together?”Denise ChowDenise Chow is a science and space reporter for NBC News.
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Nov. 23, 2025, 5:45 AM ESTBy Evan BushThree Category 5 storms, one of the most powerful hurricanes ever recorded, zero U.S. landfalls and a mystifying lull at the usual peak of activity: Together, these and other factors made for a “screwball” hurricane season this year.That’s how atmospheric scientist Phil Klotzbach put it, anyway.“It was just a strange year,” said Klotzbach, who studies hurricanes at Colorado State University. “Kind of a hard year to characterize.”Hurricane season comes to its official close on Nov. 30. In some ways, 2025 fits what researchers expect to see more often as the climate warms: Hurricanes continued forming late into the season and several intensified at extreme rates to produce some of the most intense storms in history.But in other ways, it was simply odd. Fewer hurricanes formed than experts predicted, but almost all of them became major storms. And the continental U.S. was spared a landfall for the first time in a decade. The surprises were a reminder of hurricane season’s unpredictability — particularly in a warming world — even as forecasting gets more accurate.Fewer hurricanes, higher intensityForecasters at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in May predicted an above-average season with six to 10 hurricanes. Of those, at least three were expected to be major storms, meaning Category 3 or above, with sustained winds at or above 111 mph.Klotzbach came up with the same forecast independently, and other hurricane-tracking groups were in the same ballpark.In the end, fewer hurricanes formed, but of the five that did — Erin, Gabrielle, Humberto, Imelda and Melissa — four were considered major.Hurricane Imelda over Bermuda on Oct. 1.NOAA“That’s the highest ratio there’s been in the past 50 years,” said Brian McNoldy, a hurricane researcher at the University of Miami’s Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science.What’s more, three of those major storms were Category 5, the highest level of intensity.Forecasters’ predictions of an above-average season still proved accurate despite the lower number of storms because of a metric called accumulated cyclone energy — essentially a calculation of the overall intensity and duration of all tropical storms in a season.Klotzbach predicted the accumulated energy would be 125% of the 30-year average. The season ended up at 108%, which, given the low number of hurricanes, means each packed a punch.“It was a quality season, not a quantity season,” he said.Nine of the past 10 Atlantic hurricane seasons have been above normal, according to Klotzbach, who attributes the trend to high ocean temperatures and La Niña, a seasonal circulation pattern that tends to weaken the high-altitude winds that discourage hurricane formation.McNoldy, who closely tracks Atlantic water temperatures, said 2025 was “anomalously warm.”“Whatever storms were out there definitely had a lot of fuel to tap into,” McNoldy said. Ocean heat drives evaporation, causing warm, moist air to rise from the surface to create convection; hurricanes require ocean temperatures of at least 79 degrees Fahrenheit to form.
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Nov. 24, 2025, 5:00 AM ESTBy Lindsey LeakeAs you age, you gradually lose muscle mass and gain visceral body fat, a type of fat deep inside your body that surrounds your heart, kidneys and other organs. Now, scientists say the ratio of visceral fat to muscle can uncover clues about your brain health.People with higher muscle mass and a lower visceral fat-to-muscle ratio tend to have younger brains, according to research being presented next week at the annual meeting of the Radiological Society of North America.“We know that the age of a person, in terms of their appearance, might not match with their chronological age,” said senior study author Dr. Cyrus Raji. “Turns out, the age of their organs might not match their chronological age either.”One reason the findings are so important is because chronological age — and therefore an aging brain — is “by far” the top risk factor for developing Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia, said Raji, an associate professor of radiology and neurology at the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis.“Risk of disease crosses organ systems,” Raji said. “Disease doesn’t just neatly respect the anatomical boundaries of one organ system.”Previous research, including Raji’s own, has studied the relationship between visceral fat and health outcomes such as brain volume loss, cognitive impairment and structural changes in the brain.The study involved 1,164 healthy people whose average chronological age was 55.17. About 52% were women and 39% were nonwhite. All underwent a whole-body MRI that looked at brain, fat and muscle tissue.To determine participants’ brain age, Raji and his colleagues used an algorithm that had been trained on the MRI scans of 5,500 healthy adults ages 18 to 89. The average brain age of study participants was 56.04 — older than their average chronological age. Researchers called this difference the “brain age gap.”The average brain age gap was 0.69 years, meaning participants’ brains looked slightly older than they should. However, this metric was not statistically significant.Just as higher muscle mass and a lower visceral fat-to-muscle ratio corresponded to a younger brain age, lower muscle mass and a higher visceral fat-to-muscle ratio corresponded to an older brain age.This link between body fat and brain age only held true for visceral fat, which is also known as hidden fat, active fat or deep belly fat. Subcutaneous fat, the layer of fat just below the skin’s surface, wasn’t associated with brain age, the study found.“Visceral fat, which is the really terrible fat, [is] linked to a higher rate of diabetes, insulin resistance, prediabetic states, high cholesterol,” Raji said. “That leads to a higher inflammatory state in the body, which over time affects the brain. That’s the main mechanism by which we believe obesity can affect risk for Alzheimer’s disease.”BMI reveals little of body compositionFrom a clinical perspective, the study results are on par with what Dr. Zhenqi Liu, the James M. Moss professor of diabetes at the University of Virginia School of Medicine, would expect.“When people are very young and healthy, they tend to have more muscle mass and they will have [a] younger brain age,” said Liu, who wasn’t involved in the research.Older adults, on the other hand, especially those living with chronic diseases such as diabetes or obesity, usually have lower muscle mass, Liu added. “I wouldn’t be surprised if their brain volume is decreased.”Even so, the study reinforces that muscle health is vital to overall health, Liu said.The limitations of body mass index, or BMI, as a measure of health are also on display in this research, Liu said. BMI is a standardized, nearly 200-year-old body fat metric calculated using your height and weight. But it’s fallen out of favor in recent years, namely because it doesn’t take into account how your fat — neither visceral nor subcutaneous — is distributed throughout your body.A BMI of 30 or higher falls into the obese category. For Raji, his latest work demonstrates how a low BMI could disguise poor brain health.“If you have more visceral fat and less muscle, you can have an older-looking brain,” Raji said. “That makes sense in terms of Alzheimer’s being a big risk factor — regardless of whatever the BMI would show.”Liu favors two other approaches to assessing body composition. The first is waist circumference. Measurements beyond 35 inches for women or 40 inches for men increase your risk of heart disease and Type 2 diabetes, according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. The second metric is the waist-hip ratio, which involves dividing your waist circumference by your hip circumference. According to the World Health Organization, this ratio shouldn’t exceed 0.85 for women or 0.9 for men.Still, you can’t accurately measure your own visceral fat unless your doctor refers you for an MRI, which can assess the amount of fat under the skin and surrounding the organs. An elective full-body scan can cost up to $5,000.The good news is, there are steps you can take to increase muscle mass and lower visceral fat without spending a dime.How to build muscle and burn visceral fatIf it’s been ages since you’ve touched a dumbbell or gone for a long walk, fear not, said Siddhartha Angadi, a colleague of Liu’s and an associate professor of kinesiology at UVA’s School of Education and Human Development.“Anyone can exercise — regardless of their age,” said Angadi, who wasn’t involved in the research. “There’s excellent data across the lifespan, across the health span, across multiple diseases showing that exercise is incredibly safe.”Angadi recommends following the American College of Sports Medicine’s physical activity guidelines. At least twice a week, healthy adults 65 and younger are encouraged to do muscle-strengthening activities that work all major muscle groups.“Do 10 to 15 different exercises,” Angadi said. “You want to do one to three sets; in each set, you want to have eight to 12 reps. Use machines if you’re not familiar with resistance training, which is a fancy way of saying weightlifting.”Aerobic exercise is particularly effective at targeting visceral fat, Angadi said. The guidelines suggest 150 minutes of moderately intense aerobic activity every week.“There’s nothing that can reverse brain aging,” Angadi said. “You can just slow the rate of it.”Glenn Gaesser, a professor of exercise physiology at the Arizona State University College of Health Solutions, said baby steps can help build muscle and burn visceral fat.“A lot of people think that it takes a lot to produce some sort of health benefit from exercise, and that is not necessarily true,” said Gaesser, who wasn’t part of the study. “The biggest return on investment is with the initial few minutes of exercise.”For example, if you’re striving for the recommended 150 minutes of aerobics per week, your body will benefit most in those first 30 minutes, Gaesser said.“Same with resistance training,” Gaesser said. “A lot of people may not want a gym membership, they may not want to go and lift weights, but you can do resistance training even with the weight of your own body.”While Raji’s research doesn’t conclude that higher muscle mass and a lower visceral fat-to-muscle ratio guarantee better brain health, it spotlights the relationship between the brain and the musculoskeletal system, Gaesser said. When you work out, your muscles release chemical signals thought to positively influence the brain and other tissues.“This is why individuals who perform regular exercise tend to have lower risk of cognitive decline, dementia, Alzheimer’s and the like,” Gaesser said. “If you want a healthy brain, you need to have healthy muscle.”Gaesser added, “It’s not surprising that the single best predictor of whether or not you’re going to spend the last years of your life in a nursing home or assisted living is fitness.”Strength training crucial for healthy weight lossIn October, Michael Snyder turned 70, an age when muscle mass and strength are naturally in decline. He’s also taking a GLP-1 medication to help maintain a healthy weight.As GLP-1 usage has surged in recent years, so too has awareness of the decline in muscle mass that can accompany significant weight loss, said Snyder, the Stanford W. Ascherman professor of genetics at the Stanford University School of Medicine, who wasn’t part of the study.“If you’re on [GLP-1s], you should be strength training,” Snyder said. “I lift weights every day.”Dr. David D’Alessio, chief of the division of endocrinology, metabolism and nutrition at the Duke University School of Medicine, stressed that muscle loss isn’t unique to people taking GLP-1s.“If you lose weight by restricting calories — that is, going on a diet — or if you lose weight by bariatric surgery, or if you lose weight by taking Ozempic, you’re going to lose some fat mass and some lean mass,” said D’Alessio, who wasn’t involved in the study. “It’s going to be about 30% lean, 70% fat. About half of lean mass on these measures is muscle.”Even for people who aren’t trying to lose weight, strong muscles are necessary for a long, healthy life, Snyder said.“There’s a ton of interest in longevity these days,” Snyder said. “Everybody wants to live forever, and to do that, you’re going to want to keep your mass up.”Lindsey LeakeLindsey Leake is an award-winning health journalist and contributor to NBC News. She holds an M.A. in science writing from Johns Hopkins University, an M.A. in journalism and digital storytelling from American University and a B.A. from Princeton University.
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