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Sept. 27, 2025, 5:00 AM EDTBy Molly Hunter and Tony BrownDUBLIN — They’re already storied franchises, but when the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Minnesota Vikings take to the field at Dublin’s Croke Park on Sunday, they’ll make history as the first NFL teams to play a regular season game in Ireland. And that has many fans of both teams so stoked that they made their way across the Atlantic to the Irish capital.“This is the Steelers’ game, and the Vikings are just humbly invited to come get whooped,” Steelers fan Ryan Gray told NBC News earlier this week. Gray, who traveled from Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the game, added he was enjoying “not only Dublin but Ireland as a whole” and he was “very very thankful for that.” Vikings fans Cindy and Johnny File, who came from Minnesota with their friends Fred and Jerri Menth, were also soaking up the atmosphere, enjoying “the craic,” as it’s known in Ireland, and equally bullish about their team’s chances.

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The Pittsburgh Steelers and the Minnesota Vikings will make history as they become the first NFL teams to play a regular season game in Ireland.



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Sept. 28, 2025, 5:00 AM EDTBy Berkeley Lovelace Jr.Last winter, Brian Noonan read online that some doctors were prescribing an obscure drug, typically given to cancer patients, for autism. Curious, he looked into it for his son Benjamin, who had just been diagnosed with autism in October.“We jumped on it,” Noonan said. “It felt right and it made sense.”The medication was leucovorin, also called folinic acid. It’s a synthetic form of vitamin B9 or folate, which the body needs to make healthy blood cells. During pregnancy, folate is important to reduce the risk of birth defects.Last Monday, the drug was thrust into the national spotlight by President Donald Trump in a rambling press conference about autism that mainly focused on the president and Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy’s claim that taking acetaminophen during pregnancy could cause autism. Trump briefly mentioned that an “existing drug” — referring to leucovorin — may help with certain symptoms of autism. For those in the autism community, leucovorin is not new. Dr. Richard Frye, a behavioral child neurologist in Phoenix has studied leucovorin and autism for two decades. He made clear that it is not a cure for autism and that more research is needed. He does, however, prescribe it to some people with autism.Noonan’s son Benjamin, who is 4 years old, is one of Frye’s patients. “He’s higher functioning,” Noonan said. “He’s verbal, but he really struggled to put together sentences.” Since starting on the medicine, the family believes Benjamin’s speech has improved, though he still has difficulties with hyperactivity and impulsiveness.Still, Noonan added, he’s under no impression that the drug is a miracle pill. Benjamin also attends a behavioral program preparing him for kindergarten, Noonan said, and he plans to enroll him in speech and occupational therapy. “We very, very much understand we’re still taking an experimental medication,” he said. The Noonan family. Benjamin, 4, who has autism, has used leucovorin.Courtesy of Brian NoonanOther families say the drug conferred larger benefits.Ben Blomgren, of Minneapolis, said his 11-year-old son, Josh, had been prescribed leucovorin off-label in February after he was at risk of being kicked out of school, even as they tried behavioral modification methods.“He’s pretty severe,” Blomgren said. “He didn’t have any language skills. He was not toilet trained.” After starting the medication, Blomgren said Josh’s sleep improved, he’s fully toilet trained and he’s stopped running away from them. “It wasn’t overnight, but we saw major improvement,” he said. Yomarie Miranda, of Florida, said she saw improvements in her 7-year-old son Ethan after he started the medication, including following instructions in class.Ethan was prescribed the medication off label earlier this month, she said.“He’s now looking at me when I speak with him. He’s talking more than before with complete sentences,” she said.A highly unusual moveThe Food and Drug Administration first approved leucovorin in the 1980s to help reduce the toxic side effects of certain chemotherapy drugs.In the decades since, researchers have also studied whether it might treat cerebral folate deficiency (CFD), a neurological condition that makes it harder for folate to reach the brain. Some children with autism also have cerebral folate deficiency, which neurologists say can affect speech, mood and behavior. Last Monday, the FDA said it planned to update the drug’s label to include that use.But the agency’s decision, experts say, rests on just a handful of small studies. And despite Trump’s endorsement, the maker of the brand-name version, GSK, has yet to submit an application to the agency to change the label. In a statement, GSK said it will be submitting the request to expand the approval to include cerebral folate deficiency, though the statement does not mention autism. (Because leucovorin is already an FDA-approved drug, doctors have been able to prescribe it “off label” for other uses, though insurance may not cover it.) It’s a highly unusual move for the FDA: pushing a drug for chemotherapy side effects as a therapy for autism without a formal submission and limited evidence.“It’s incredibly irresponsible,” said Dr. Aaron Kesselheim, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School. “For 60-plus years, we’ve counted on the FDA to help patients distinguish between products that work and products that don’t work. And here we saw the FDA making an announcement relying on a summary of unclear data and announcing that they had already decided to approve it.”Alycia Halladay, chief science officer at the nonprofit Autism Science Foundation, was frustrated by the implication that this is a breakthrough in autism research.“It’s not like scientists have just been staring at their belly buttons for 20 years, not looking at autism treatments,” Halladay said in an interview earlier this week. “They have, but the standards have been very high to get [treatments] approved.”Andrew Nixon, a spokesperson for the Department of Health and Human Services, which oversees the FDA, said in a statement: “Analysis across 23 publications from 2009-2024 demonstrated the effectiveness for CFD. Overall, 85% of patients experienced some type of clinical benefit including improved speech/communication capabilities.” Nixon’s statement did not mention autism, and he did not respond to follow-up questions.David Mandell, a psychiatry professor at the University of Pennsylvania, said HHS’ claim that 85% of patients experienced a benefit is a “quite a conceptual leap” because it assumes people with cerebral folate deficiency also have autism.Cerebral folate deficiency “is an extremely rare event, and it is accompanied by symptoms of epilepsy, really severe neurodevelopmental problems and some of those symptoms can look like autism, but it’s not,” he said.“I could not think of a single FDA approval that has such weak evidence in the past 20 years,” Mandell added.Frye, the Phoenix neurologist, estimates up to three-quarters of autistic children have antibodies linked to cerebral folate deficiency, based on his research. Other estimates are much lower: Alycia Halladay, chief science officer at the nonprofit Autism Science Foundation, put the rates at roughly 10% to 30%.The studies on leucovorin are small but look interesting, said Dr. Scott Gottlieb, a former FDA commissioner.“It certainly merits follow up,” Gottlieb said.One of the studies was conducted by Frye: a placebo-controlled trial of more than 40 children with the antibodies, published in Molecular Psychiatry in 2018. It found around two-thirds of kids who got the drug saw improvements in verbal communication after 12 weeks. Others saw no changes. The children all had language impairments, as well as a common type of autism that’s not linked to other neurological diseases.Mandell, however, said the results shouldn’t be taken as evidence.“They claim that in certain subgroups of kids in their already small sample, they find these very large effects,” he said, adding that larger-scale trials that establish clear outcomes ahead of time are needed to verify the results. Kesselheim said it’s important for patients to have access to medications that could have a benefit, especially when there is an unmet medical need. But, he said, there are still a number of unanswered questions.“There is no accurate testing for this,” he said. “What are low folate levels? What are normal folate levels? All of that stuff should be worked out.”Frye said he currently uses two methods to assess whether a child has a folate deficiency: a spinal tap — also known as a lumbar puncture — which involves inserting a needle into the lower back to collect fluid from the spinal cord, and a folate receptor antibody test originally developed for pregnant women that isn’t approved by the FDA for diagnosing folate deficiency in children. Edward Quadros, a research professor at SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University who has worked with Frye studying leucovorin for autism, said parents are already trying the drug, including supplement versions, which aren’t regulated and can be dangerous.“By making the FDA approve it, and reputable pharmaceutical companies manufacturing it and selling it, at least it gives you quality dosing,” Quadros said.Berkeley Lovelace Jr.Berkeley Lovelace Jr. is a health and medical reporter for NBC News. He covers the Food and Drug Administration, with a special focus on Covid vaccines, prescription drug pricing and health care. He previously covered the biotech and pharmaceutical industry with CNBC.Aria Bendix contributed.
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Oct. 14, 2025, 2:00 PM EDTBy Erik Ortiz and Abigail BrooksTexas, which historically drives the number of executions nationwide, is approaching a grim milestone of 600 people put to death by lethal injection since the early 1980s.But for the past 10 years, a shield statute meant to protect the safety of those participating in the execution protocol allows the state to withhold a telling piece of information: where Texas is finding pentobarbital, the hard-to-get drug it exclusively uses to carry out executions.The source of pentobarbital remains a closely guarded secret to the public, but records reviewed by NBC News stitch together the state’s cryptic acquisition process, including how much of the drug Texas has procured over the past year and the hundreds of thousands of dollars that have been spent on transactions related to drug costs.According to those records, in September 2024, Texas acquired 20 1-gram vials of pentobarbital, and in February it obtained eight 2.5-gram vials — enough, based on its protocol, for as many as eight executions.The purchases, which are documented on Drug Enforcement Administration forms, redact the supplier’s information; the agency told NBC News it was unable to comment amid the ongoing federal government shutdown.Robert Roberson’s execution halted in Texas shaken baby case01:41Exactly how much Texas paid for the injectable pentobarbital remains unclear. The state Department of Criminal Justice did not respond to requests for comment about its execution drug supply and the amount spent.However, a document produced by the department in response to a request for cost information about drug supplies in lethal injection executions shows multiple transaction amounts dated October 2024 and February and March of this year totaling more than $775,000.The document is partially redacted, and doesn’t reveal the exact breakdown of expenses.But if Texas were to have spent upward of three quarters of a million dollars as part of its quest for pentobarbital, it would be in line with several other states, whose officials have revealed in recent months to shelling out large sums — far exceeding the wholesale value of pentobarbital — for their execution drugs, anti-death penalty groups and legal experts say.Under public pressure, some of those states have confirmed purchasing, at a marked-up rate, manufactured drugs, meaning they were produced from a Food and Drug Administration-approved pharmaceutical company as opposed to a compounding pharmacy, which are loosely regulated and have drawn concerns over quality, safety and efficacy.The pharmaceutical industry widely opposes its drugs being used for capital punishment, which is why it remains a mystery where recent purchases of pentobarbital used for executions in Texas and other states is coming from. The pharmaceutical industry’s opposition has prompted lawsuits and cease-and-desist letters from drug makers and made it increasingly difficult for states to obtain the necessary chemicals.“Executing states are going to great lengths to hide these purchases from taxpayers and defense attorneys and the pharmaceutical companies whose controls they’re violating — and they keep getting caught,” said Matt Wells, the deputy director of Reprieve US, a human rights nonprofit organization.He added that a lack of transparency means states don’t have to publicly reveal the steps taken to ensure their drugs adhere to companies’ protocols and are safe to be used in executions. Lethal injection has the highest rate of “botched” executions among all methods, according to the Death Penalty Information Center. While the U.S. Constitution does not guarantee a painless death during execution, it prohibits the infliction of added pain that creates unnecessary suffering.“When state after state is spending hundreds of thousands of dollars on the black market to acquire drugs they cannot legitimately source, we’re talking about a system that is broken beyond repair,” Wells said.Cost of drugsOther states with secrecy laws have been able to obtain the drug but at a cost multiple times over what they’re worth on the regular market.In recent years, Idaho spent about $200,000 in total for three separate purchases of manufactured pentobarbital, NBC News previously reported. One six-vial batch at $50,000 was more than three times the price at wholesale.In June, Indiana Gov. Mike Braun confirmed that his state had paid more than $1 million for four doses of pentobarbital, some of which expired before they could be used. It’s not clear what quantity each dose amounts to.Utah spent roughly $200,000 for manufactured pentobarbital used in a 2024 execution, corrections officials said.And since 2017, Tennessee has purchased nearly $600,000 worth of execution drugs from an undisclosed supplier, The Tennessean reported in March.Commercially made injectable pentobarbital can run about $2,500 for a 2.5-gram vial, said Jeffrey Pilz, an assistant director of pharmacy at The Ohio State University’s Wexner Medical Center.In Texas’ case, Pilz said, the eight 2.5-gram vials of pentobarbital it acquired in February should have cost close to $20,000.But when execution drugs are significantly marked up, particularly for federally approved manufactured drugs, it raises questions about who sold them to a state, how that supplier obtained them and whether regulatory channels were subverted, said Maurie Levin, a Texas death penalty defense attorney.“Texas’ secrecy law allows the state to hide the unethical practices of some of the pharmacies from whom they get drugs, and how they purchase drugs for executions, including what appears to be the purchase of drugs on the black market, at an enormous cost,” Levin said.Manufactured vs. compounded drugsTwo pharmaceutical companies manufacturing in the U.S. are known to make injectable pentobarbital, a sedative more commonly used to treat insomnia and seizures.Both Hikma, a U.K.-based company whose U.S. headquarters are in New Jersey, and Sagent, which is based in Illinois, have asked states to ensure they don’t use their drugs in executions.Sagent warned Idaho in a letter last year that when its “products are diverted from legitimate channels, in violation of our distribution controls, they risk being counterfeit, stolen, contaminated, or otherwise harmful.”Whether Hikma or Sagent have sent similar warnings to Texas is unclear. Neither company returned requests for comment, although a Hikma spokesperson told NBC News this year that it has sent such letters to states annually for the past eight years “to firmly remind them of our strong objections to the use of our medicines in capital punishment.”Read more death row coverageFour inmates executed by Alabama had illegal drugs in their system, reports showAn Idaho warden acquired hard-to-get lethal injection drugs from an undisclosed supplier on a rural roadSouth Carolina prepares for first firing squad execution, ushering in return of rare methodIndiana carries out first execution in 15 years in process scrutinized for its secrecyThe Texas Department of Criminal Justice also didn’t respond to requests about whether its most recently purchased batch of pentobarbital was manufactured or from a compounding pharmacy.Texas began solely using pentobarbital, a sedative, for executions in 2012. A potent dose can lead to death from respiratory failure.In 2015, Texas, along with Arizona and Nebraska, attempted to import thousands of vials of sodium thiopental, an anesthetic, from a supplier in India to use in executions, but Texas’ shipments were seized by the FDA because they were not approved in the U.S.After that, Texas reportedly moved to acquire the pentobarbital from compounding pharmacies in the state. Compounded drugs have shorter shelf lives than manufactured ones, and are typically labeled with a “beyond use date,” similar to an expiration date, Pilz said.Texas has been known to relabel its drugs’ beyond-use dates, a practice that has been criticized in recent years by death row inmates who have alleged in court that the drugs are expired and unsafe.’Use it or lose it’Documents indicate that Texas’ pentobarbital stock includes some batches labeled with beyond-use dates, signifying it was compounded, and others with expiration dates, suggesting those were manufactured.A manufacturer sets the expiration date, which is “derived from the sterility, stability, and analytical chemical studies” performed within a controlled environment, according to an American Society of Health-System Pharmacists guide.Pilz said compounding pharmacies may also register as an outsourcing facility to produce larger batches of medication, and therefore, could assign expiration dates to drugs.The documents reviewed by NBC News indicate five vials of pentobarbital purchased by Texas had a “beyond use date” of September 2024, but that shelf life was recently extended to May 2026, and another three vials had a September 2024 “beyond use date.”But the 20 1-gram vials of pentobarbital that were acquired in September 2024 had an April 2025 expiration date, records show. They were used for the executions of Garcia White in October 2024 and Steven Nelson, Richard Tabler and Moises Mendoza in early 2025.The documents also indicate the eight 2.5-gram vials of pentobarbital acquired in February expire at the end of this month.Inventory logs reviewed by NBC News show some of those vials were removed for the execution of Matthew Johnson in May, but they did not reflect whether that same supply was used in the execution of Blaine Milam in September.It’s also unclear whether the expiring drugs would have been used in the Oct. 16 execution of Robert Roberson, who was poised to be the 597th person executed by Texas.Robert Roberson before a scheduled execution in 2024 that was halted.NBC NewsRoberson was convicted in the 2002 death of his 2-year-old daughter, Nikki, and would be the first prisoner in the nation executed in connection with “shaken baby syndrome.”With just days to spare, an appeals court last week halted the execution based on another case of disputed evidence surrounding the medical diagnosis, meaning Texas would not be able to use that expiring supply of pentobarbital since no other inmate is scheduled to die this month and the next execution isn’t until late January.“With the stay of Mr. Roberson’s execution, the manufactured drugs we believe to currently be in their possession, which expire at the end of October, have to be trashed,” said Levin, the death penalty attorney.She added that Roberson’s case — now the third time his execution has been put on pause — underscores the greater challenge for states as they seek manufactured lethal injection drugs.“It’s a constant game of use it or lose it or extend the ‘beyond use date’ for the umpteenth time, including the hundreds of thousands of dollars they spent to get it,” she said. “The expiration date of illegally purchased drugs should hardly be the engine driving Texas executions.”Erik OrtizErik Ortiz is a senior reporter for NBC News Digital focusing on racial injustice and social inequality.Abigail BrooksAbigail Brooks is a producer for NBC News.
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